Bushra Griffith
Macaroni and cheese is a popular dish in the Southern United States, with roots in soul food and the African American community. The dish is said to have been introduced by James Hemings, Thomas Jefferson's enslaved chef, who learned to make a version of cheesy pasta in France. Today, Southern macaroni and cheese is known for its rich, creamy texture and the use of a variety of cheeses, such as sharp cheddar, Colby Jack, and Velveeta. It is often served as a side dish, but can also be a main course, and is a beloved comfort food for many.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Dish | Side dish or main dish |
| Texture | Creamy, gooey, crispy, crunchy |
| Cheese | Cheddar, Colby-Jack, Velveeta, mozzarella, smoked cheddar, gouda, fontina, gruyere, pepper jack, etc. |
| Other ingredients | Butter, milk, sour cream, heavy cream, evaporated milk, flour, sugar, salt, pepper, Creole seasoning, cayenne pepper, ground mustard, etc. |
| Preparation | Baked, custard-style, egg-milk custard, roux, bechamel, stovetop cheese sauce, boxed |
| Occasion | Special occasions, Thanksgiving, Christmas, Sunday supper, holidays |
| History | Introduced by James Hemings, Thomas Jefferson's enslaved Black chef |
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What You'll Learn
Macaroni and cheese's roots in Southern culture
Macaroni and cheese is a beloved dish in many parts of the world, but it holds a particularly special place in Southern culture. The roots of this creamy, cheesy comfort food can be traced back to the historical influences and adaptations that have shaped its unique character in the region.
During the era of U.S. chattel slavery, Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, brought his enslaved Black chef, James Hemings, to France. Hemings had the opportunity to refine his culinary skills under the guidance of renowned French chefs and caterers, even serving royalty. Upon returning to the United States, Hemings introduced his interpretation of European cheesy pasta, a "pie made of macaroni," at Jefferson's dinner parties. This dish became a favourite among wealthy Southerners, and Jefferson even smuggled a macaroni extruder into the country specifically for Hemings' use.
Over time, macaroni and cheese became deeply intertwined with Southern soul food traditions, particularly within the Black community. Passed down through generations, recipes varied from family to family, with each adding their unique touches. This dish holds a significant place in Southern culture, often served at special occasions and holiday gatherings like Thanksgiving. It is commonly paired with other soulful dishes like collard greens and fried chicken, creating a comforting and hearty meal.
Southern baked macaroni and cheese is characterised by its rich, creamy texture and generous use of cheese. While some recipes may include a roux base, others start with a milk-and-egg custard, creating a silky smooth dish. The choice of cheese is diverse, with favourites including sharp cheddar, Colby-Jack, mozzarella, and smoked cheddar, which adds a unique flavour profile. The addition of sour cream, heavy cream, and evaporated milk further enhances the creaminess of the dish.
Preparation techniques also vary, with some recipes calling for a crispy topping made with panko bread crumbs, while others prefer a simple bake. The flexibility of the dish allows for customisation to suit individual tastes and preferences. Whether served as a main course or a side dish, Southern macaroni and cheese is a testament to the region's culinary heritage, combining cultural influences with soulful flavours that have endured through generations.
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How to make Southern macaroni and cheese
Macaroni and cheese is a beloved dish in the Southern United States, with roots tracing back to Thomas Jefferson's enslaved Black chef, James Hemings. This soul food staple is often served as a side dish, but can also be a hearty main course. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to make Southern-style macaroni and cheese:
Ingredients:
- Macaroni (elbow macaroni is traditional, but any short and sturdy pasta will work)
- Milk (whole or 2% milk is recommended; avoid skim milk)
- Eggs
- Butter
- Sour cream (full-fat, don't substitute)
- Salt
- Pepper
- Sugar (optional)
- Various cheeses (Colby-Jack, sharp Cheddar, mild Cheddar, Velveeta, mozzarella, etc.)
- Panko breadcrumbs (optional)
- Creole seasoning (optional)
Instructions:
Step 1: Cook the Macaroni:
- Preheat your oven to 350°F.
- Bring a large pot of generously salted water to a boil. Salting the water is crucial to ensure the macaroni absorbs flavour.
- Cook the macaroni according to the package instructions, stopping just shy of al dente.
Step 2: Prepare the Custard Mixture:
- In the same pasta pot, whisk together milk, eggs, butter, salt, pepper, and sugar (if using). You can also add sour cream for extra creaminess.
- For a Creole kick, add Creole seasoning, onion powder, garlic powder, and cayenne pepper to taste.
Step 3: Combine and Bake:
- Drain the macaroni and place it in a 9" by 13" baking dish or pan.
- Pour the custard mixture over the cooked macaroni.
- Add your desired combination of shredded or grated cheeses. A mix of cheeses is recommended for a creamy and flavourful result.
- For an extra crispy topping, sprinkle panko breadcrumbs tossed in melted butter over the top.
- Bake for 30 to 45 minutes, until the macaroni and cheese is bubbly and lightly browned.
Step 4: Rest and Serve:
- Allow the dish to rest for about 10 minutes before serving.
- Southern macaroni and cheese can be enjoyed as a side or main dish, often paired with collard greens and fried chicken.
Feel free to adjust the recipe to your taste preferences, and don't be afraid to experiment with different cheeses and seasonings. Enjoy the comforting, soulful flavours of Southern macaroni and cheese!
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The best cheeses to use
Macaroni and cheese is a beloved comfort food, and while it's often made with a combination of cheeses, the type of cheese you use can vary according to your preferences.
The undisputed king of mac and cheese, cheddar brings more than familiarity to your dish. Its versatility and diverse ageing profiles make it an essential component in any cheese sauce. Mild cheddar, in particular, melts beautifully and provides a gentle, buttery flavour that appeals to most palates. It's perfect for creating that classic, creamy mac and cheese. Its higher moisture content makes it ideal for achieving that perfect stringy pull.
However, if you're looking for a more complex flavour, medium-aged cheddar offers the best of both worlds. It provides enough flavour complexity to keep things interesting while maintaining excellent melting properties. It can be used alone or as part of a cheese blend.
If you're looking for a truly indulgent mac and cheese experience, combining different types of cheese is the way to go. Here are some options to consider:
- Smoked gouda and gruyere: These cheeses add a smoky, earthy flavour to your mac and cheese.
- Colby-Jack: This cheese creates a gooey, molten centre in your mac and cheese.
- Sharp or extra-sharp cheddar: If you want a bit of sharpness to your mac and cheese, these cheddars will do the trick.
- American cheese: This is a good choice if you want a smooth and velvety texture to your mac and cheese. It's made with sodium citrate, which helps the cheese melt evenly.
- Parmesan: Adding freshly grated Parmesan on top of your mac and cheese can take it to the next level, adding a salty depth of flavour.
- Fontina: This Italian cheese adds complex notes of nuts, herbs, and butter to your mac and cheese.
- Cream cheese: While not traditional, cream cheese can help you achieve ultimate creaminess in your mac and cheese. It adds body, silkiness, and protein to the sauce.
- Feta: Feta adds a tangy, salty flavour to your mac and cheese.
- Romano: This cheese pairs well with feta, as its saltiness balances out the tanginess of the feta.
No matter which cheeses you choose, the key to a great mac and cheese is to shred the cheese by hand and slowly incorporate it into warm milk to achieve a creamy, indulgent dish.
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The importance of seasoning
Macaroni and cheese is a beloved dish with a long history in the Southern United States. While there are many variations of this comfort food, a few key ingredients and techniques are essential to creating the perfect Southern-style macaroni and cheese. One of the most important components is the seasoning, which can elevate the dish from ordinary to extraordinary.
The choice of cheese is of utmost importance in Southern macaroni and cheese. A combination of cheeses is often used to create a complex and indulgent flavour profile. Sharp cheddar is a popular choice, adding a tangy sharpness that cuts through the richness of the dish. Colby-Jack is another favourite, known for its gooey texture and mild taste. Other cheeses such as mozzarella, smoked cheddar, pepper jack, gouda, fontina, and gruyere can also be used to add depth and a touch of exoticism.
In addition to the cheese, various seasonings are used to enhance the flavour of Southern macaroni and cheese. Creole seasoning, for example, is a popular choice that adds a kick of spice and depth of flavour. Cayenne pepper and ground mustard can also be added for an extra punch of heat. Salt and pepper are essential, not only as seasonings in their own right but also to bring out the flavours of the other ingredients. It is crucial to salt the pasta water generously to ensure the pasta itself is seasoned adequately.
Other ingredients that contribute to the overall seasoning of the dish include butter, sour cream, and milk. Full-fat sour cream is preferred as it adds a richness and tanginess that cannot be replicated by lighter substitutes. Whole milk or 2% milk is also important, as the extra bit of fat adds moisture and flavour to the dish. Evaporated milk is sometimes used to create an even creamier texture.
Finally, the technique used to prepare Southern macaroni and cheese can also impact the seasoning of the dish. Many recipes start with a roux, a mixture of butter and flour, which forms the base of the sauce. The roux is cooked until the raw flour taste is gone, ensuring a smooth and silky sauce. The milk is then added, followed by the cheese, creating a lusciously creamy and well-seasoned dish.
In conclusion, the importance of seasoning in Southern macaroni and cheese cannot be overstated. The right combination of cheeses, spices, and other ingredients creates a dish that is not only comforting but also bursting with flavour. By using the right techniques and ingredients, anyone can create a delicious and soulful Southern macaroni and cheese.
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How to adapt the recipe
The beauty of macaroni and cheese is that it is a versatile dish that can be adapted in numerous ways to suit your taste. Here are some ideas on how to adapt the classic Southern macaroni and cheese recipe to make it your own:
Choose your cheese
The type of cheese you select will significantly impact the flavour and texture of your macaroni and cheese. While traditional Southern recipes often call for a combination of sharp cheddar, Colby Jack, and Velveeta, you can experiment with different varieties. Smoked cheddar, mozzarella, pepper jack, gouda, fontina, and gruyere are all excellent choices that will lend a unique twist to the dish. If you're feeling adventurous, try mixing and matching cheeses for an exotic flavour profile.
Pasta options
Elbow macaroni is the traditional pasta shape used in Southern macaroni and cheese, but feel free to explore other short and sturdy pasta varieties like rotini, corkscrew, or penne. Gluten-free pasta is also an option, but be mindful of cooking times to avoid overcooking. For a keto-friendly alternative, try lightly steamed cauliflower instead of pasta for a creative twist.
Add-ins and seasonings
To take your macaroni and cheese to the next level, consider incorporating add-ins and seasonings. Creole seasoning is a popular choice in Southern recipes, adding a kick of flavour. You can also experiment with chopped jalapeños, bacon bits, chopped shrimp, diced vegetables, or a can of Ro*Tel tomatoes and green chilies. If you're a fan of spice, include some ground mustard and cayenne pepper to give your dish an extra punch.
Custard-style macaroni and cheese
For a unique twist, try the custard-style macaroni and cheese. This variation involves creating a custard base by whisking together whole milk, evaporated milk, eggs, and salt, pepper, and sugar. Pour this mixture over cooked macaroni, then add butter, sour cream, and your choice of cheeses. This method results in a creamy, browned topping that's sure to impress.
Crunchy topping
If you prefer your macaroni and cheese with a crunchy texture, consider adding a crispy topping. Sprinkle panko breadcrumbs over the top of your macaroni and cheese before baking. For an extra indulgent touch, toss the panko with melted butter before sprinkling, creating a golden, crispy crust.
Make it creamy
For an extra creamy version, increase the amount of milk, cream, or sour cream in your recipe. Heavy cream or whole milk will add richness and creaminess to your dish. Additionally, using full-fat sour cream will enhance the creaminess and flavour, so avoid substituting it with lighter options.
Feel free to experiment with these suggestions and create your own unique take on Southern macaroni and cheese!
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Frequently asked questions
Southern macaroni and cheese is a baked dish made with a mix of cheeses, milk, eggs, and butter. It is often served as a side dish, but can also be a main course.
There is no one type of cheese used in Southern macaroni and cheese. Common choices include sharp cheddar, Colby Jack, Velveeta, mozzarella, and smoked cheddar.
Southern macaroni and cheese was introduced by James Hemings, president Thomas Jefferson's enslaved Black chef. Hemings learned to cook in France and introduced his version of European cheesy pasta, a "pie made of macaroni", at Jefferson's dinner parties.
To make Southern macaroni and cheese, you start by cooking the macaroni. In a separate bowl, you whisk together milk, eggs, salt, pepper, and sugar. This mixture is then poured over the cooked macaroni, along with butter, sour cream, and various cheeses. The dish is then baked until bubbly and lightly browned on top.
